镀铬零件的研磨GRINDING OF CHROME PLATED PARTS
1. INTRODUCTION 介绍
A. The data in this subject comes from Boeing Process Specification BAC5032. Access to the Boeing Process Specifications is available.
本主题中的数据来自波音工艺规范BAC5032。可使用波音工艺规范。
B. This subject contains recommended procedures for grinding and honing of chromium-plated surfaces. The procedures are important because incorrect procedures can cause cracks and heat damage to the chrome plate and the base metal.
本主题包含了对镀铬表面进行研磨和珩磨的推荐程序。这些程序很重要，因为不正确的程序可能会对铬板和基座金属造成裂纹和热损伤。
C. Do not grind the special thin dense chrome plate (BAC5709, Class 4, SOPM 20-42-03). This chrome plate is applied to get the final dimension during the plating procedure itself.
请勿打磨特殊薄密铬板（BAC5709,4级，SOPM 20-42-03）。此镀铬板用于在电镀过程中获得最终尺寸。
2. GRINDING PROCEDURES 研磨程序
A. Surface Preparation
表面处理
(1) To prevent contamination of cutting fluids and the grinding wheel, remove oil, dirt, or unwanted matter. This includes protective coatings, unless they are protection for other plating as noted below.
为防止切削液和砂轮的污染，请清除油、污垢或不需要的物质。这包括保护涂层，除非它们是对如下所述的其他电镀的保护。
(2) If the chrome plate to be ground is on parts which also have cadmium or cadmium-titanium plating, make sure the cadmium or cadmium-titanium plating has the protection of BMS 10-11, Type 1 primer (if primer is specified by the overhaul instructions), or give this plating the protection of Type 4, Class 3 chemical processing tape as specified in BAC5034 (SOPM 20-44-02) (for surfaces such as threads) or plugs (for close-tolerance holes).
如果要接地的镀铬板位于同样具有镉或镉钛镀层的部件上，应确保镉或镉钛镀层具有BMS10-11，1型底漆（如果底漆在大修说明中规定），或采用BAC5034 (SOPM 20-44-402）（螺纹等表面）或塞）中规定的4型3类化学处理胶带保护。
B. Dressing of Grinding Wheel
砂轮的整修
(1) Dress the wheel frequently and also when the chrome plated surface is less than 0.003 inch from the finish dimension.
经常修整砂轮，当镀铬表面距离表面尺寸小于0.003英寸时也要如此。
(2) Turn the diamond nib frequently to keep the maximum nib radius applied to the grinding wheel less than 0.030 inch.
频繁转动金刚石尖，使应用于砂轮的最大尖端半径小于0.030英寸。
(3) Use a nib cross speed that is sufficient for the grade and abrasive of the wheel. 使用与砂轮等级和磨料相适应的尖端交叉速度。
(4) Each time the wheel is dressed, make sure the dressing infeed is sufficient to resurface the grinding face of the wheel.
每次修整砂轮时，确保进料足以重新修整砂轮的研磨面。
C. Coolant
冷冻剂
(1) Give the interface between the wheel and the part surface a good flow of continuously filtered cutting fluid. 使砂轮与零件表面之间的界面具有连续过滤的切削流体流动。
(2) For external grinds, put the cutting fluid nozzle in a position to apply a stream of cutting fluid at the point where the grinding wheel touches the part surface.
对于外部研磨，将切削液喷嘴放置在砂轮接触零件表面的点位以施加切削液流的位置。
(3) For internal grinds, a large volume of cutting fluid on the surface to be ground is sufficient. It is not necessary for the cutting fluid to directly hit the point of grinding. The volume of cutting fluid must be sufficient to cool the part and remove the grinding sludge.
对于内部研磨，表面有大量的切削液就足够了。切削液不需要直接到达研磨点。切削液的体积必须足以冷却零件并清除研磨污泥。
D. Be very careful when you grind with the side of the wheel. A large contact area can put too much heat into the part. If you must grind with the side of the wheel, use cupped or dished grinding wheels to decrease the area of contact.
当使用砂轮边缘时要非常小心。较大的接触区域会给零件产生过多的热量。如果你必须用砂轮的边缘研磨，使用杯状或盘状砂轮来减少接触面积。
E. Grinding Details
研磨的详细说明
(1) Wheel Speed
砂轮转速
(a) For surface and OD cylindrical grinding, use a maximum speed of 6500 surface feet per minute (sfm). If possible,use a speed below 3000 sfm.
对于表面和外圆研磨，最高速度为6500表面英尺/每分钟（sfm）。如果可能，请使用低于3000 sfm的速度。
(b) For internal grinding, use a maximum speed of 6500 sfm.
对于内部研磨，使用的最大速度为6500 sfm。
(2) Downfeed or Infeed
下料或进料
(a) To prevent too much infeed, find the high spots before you start to grind.
为了防止太多的进料，在开始研磨前找出高点。
(b) For surface and OD cylindrical grinding, use a maximum of 0.0005 inch per pass until you get to 0.0010 inch from the finish dimension surface. Then use 0.0002 inch maximum per pass to get to the finish dimension surface.
对于表面和外圆研磨，每次最大磨削量为 0.0005 英寸，直到磨削到距离精加工尺寸表面 0.0010 英寸为止。然后，每次最多加工 0.0002 英寸，直至达到精加工尺寸表面。
(c) For plunge grinding with automatic equipment, feed at 0.0001 inch maximum per revolution of the part. For plunge grinding with manual equipment, use a gradual infeed (approximately 0.0001 inch maximum per revolution of the part) and do not force the wheel into the part. Let the sparks from each infeed stop before the next infeed.
使用自动设备进行切入式研磨时，零件每转一圈最大进给量为 0.0001 英寸。使用手动设备进行切入式磨削时，采用渐进式进给（零件每转一圈最大进给量约为 0.0001 英寸），不要将砂轮强行塞入工件。让每次进给产生的火花在下一次进给前停止。
(3) Work Speed
工作速度
(a) The speed is important. When possible, use the maximum speed available. Usually this is 60 sfm on surface grinders.
速度很重要。尽可能使用现有的最高速度。平面磨床通常为 60 sfm。
(b) Rotational speeds could permit higher surface speeds related to work diameters on cylindrical grinders) and speeds above 200 sfm are recommended when possible.
外圆磨床的转速可根据零件直径提高表面磨削速度，在可能的情况下，建议转速超过 200 sfm。
(4) Crossfeed
交叉进给
(a) For surface grinding, use a maximum of 1/4 of the wheel width per pass.
表面打磨时，每次最多使用砂轮宽度的 1/4。
(b) For cylindrical and internal grinding, use a crossfeed that agrees with the surface finish and tolerance requirements. A 5-10 inch per minute crossfeed is recommended to help control the surface finish and diametrical tolerances.
对于外圆和内圆研磨，应使用符合表面光洁度和公差要求的交叉进给。建议采用每分钟 5-10 英寸的交叉进给速度，以帮助控制表面光洁度和直径公差。
NOTE: Usually when a crossfeed procedure is used, the wheel must go in both directions for each infeed during the final passes.
注意：通常使用交叉进给程序时，砂轮在最后一次进给时必须双向进给。
(c) Plunge grinding procedures can be used to grind plated areas adjacent to shoulders which cannot be ground with a crossfeed. Use the same limits as specified in Paragraph 2.E.(2)(c) above. 可采用切入式研磨程序磨削无法用交叉进给研磨的肩部附近的镀层区域。使用上述第 2.E.(2)(c)段规定的相同限制。
F. Honing — When parts are chrome plated not more than 0.002 inch thickness oversize, the surfaces can be honed to final dimensions. Use standard industry practices.
珩磨 — 当零件镀铬厚度超差不超过 0.002 英寸时，表面可珩磨至最终尺寸。采用标准的行业程序。
G. Grinding Wheel Specifications — See Table 1. Use a wheel of the minimum hardness in the range given, if the wheel can keep the surface within the specified surface smoothness and dimensional tolerance limits.
砂轮规格 — 见表 1。如果砂轮能使表面保持在规定的表面光滑度和尺寸公差范围内，则使用所给范围内硬度最低的砂轮。
3. POST GRIND BAKE FOR ALUMINUM 铝材研磨后烘烤
A. After you grind or hone the chrome plating on aluminum parts, bake the parts for 1 hour at 175-225°F or put them in boiling water for 1 hour.
在铝制零件上研磨或珩磨镀铬层后，将零件在 175-225 华氏度的温度下烘烤 1 小时，或放入沸水中煮 1 小时。
4. QUALITY CONTROL 质量控制
A. Visually examine the ground chrome plated surfaces without magnification and with lighting at an angle. Examine from different directions to make sure there are no cracks. There must be no sign of heat damage (indicated by bubbles in the chrome, bad colors, or darkened streaks), cracks, tears, cold flow (metal rubbed into adjacent areas), warped plating or base metal (indicated by plating not visually smooth after grinding), or surface defects other than the usual grinding marks.
在不使用放大镜和倾斜照明的情况下，目测研磨的镀铬表面。从不同方向检查，确保没有裂纹。不得有任何热损伤迹象（表现为镀铬层中出现气泡、颜色变差或条纹变深）、裂纹、撕裂、冷流（金属摩擦到邻近区域）、镀层或基体金属翘曲（表现为研磨后镀层在视觉上不光滑）或除常见研磨痕迹外的其他表面缺陷。
B. For the optional Barkhausen inspection procedure, refer to BAC5653.
有关可选的Barkhausen检查程序，请参阅 BAC5653。
C. Unless the overhaul instructions are different, after grinding, magnetic particle examine (SOPM 20-20-01) the steel parts heat-treated 180 ksi or higher to look for cracks in the base metal.
除非大修说明中另有规定，否则在磨削后，应对热处理温度为 180 ksi 或更高的钢制部件进行磁粉检查（SOPM 20-20-01），以寻找基体金属中的裂纹。
D. If penetrant inspection after grinding is specified by the overhaul instructions, penetrant examine (SOPM 20-20-02) at the high sensitivity level.
如果大修说明规定在研磨后进行渗透检查，则应在高灵敏度下进行渗透检查 (SOPM 20-20-02)。
E. You can also find cracks in the plating by a sudden drag or catch when you rub the surface with the sharp point of a dental explorer (Figure 1).
用牙科探针的尖头摩擦表面时，如果出现突然的拖拽或卡住现象，也能发现镀层上的裂纹（图 1）。
SINGLE-END DENTAL EXPLORERS SUCH AS THESE ARE AVAILABLE FROM ANY DENTAL SUPPLY HOUSE.THE ENDS SHOWN CAN ALSO BE COMBINED IN A DOUBLE-END EXPLORER.KEEP THE POINTS SHARP WITH FINE ABRASIVE PAPER, OR REPLACE THE EXPLORERS WHEN THE POINTS BECOME TOO WORN TO FIND THE CRACKS IN THE CHROME PLATING.
这种单端牙科探针可以在任何牙科用品商店买到。图中所示的两端也可以组合成双端探针。用细砂纸保持针尖锋利，或者在针尖磨损得无法找到镀铬层上的裂纹时更换探针。
5. APPLICATION OF WIPED-ON PRIMER 涂抹底漆
A. This procedure is recommended to fill the fine cracks in the chrome plate with primer to increase corrosion resistance. This procedure could also decrease liquid or gas leakage under seals.
建议使用该程序用底漆填充铬板上的细小裂缝，以提高耐腐蚀性。此步骤还可减少密封件下的液体或气体泄漏。
B. This procedure is optional unless specified by the overhaul instructions.
除非大修说明另有规定，否则此步骤为可选步骤
C. The procedure details given below come from Boeing process pecification drawing 60B10031. Equivalent procedures can be used, such as wiped-on primer (F-19.451) (preferred) or (F-19.45) (SOPM 20-41-01) which is the wiped-on primer procedure specified on finish control drawing 65B19999.
下面给出的详细程序来自波音工艺规范图 60B10031。可使用等效程序，例如擦拭式底漆 (F-19.451) （首选）或 (F-19.45) (SOPM 20-41-01)，后者是表面控制图 65B19999 中规定的擦拭式底漆程序。
D. Apply this primer to chrome plate after you grind it and after you apply such finishes as cadmium plate or phosphate treatment.
在对铬板进行研磨后，以及在进行镉板或磷化处理等表面处理后，再在铬板上涂抹这种底漆。
E. Application Procedure
应用程序
(1) Vapor degrease the chrome plated surface as specified in SOPM 20-30-03.
按照 SOPM 20-30-03 的规定，对镀铬表面进行蒸汽脱脂处理。
(2) With cheesecloth or equivalent, apply a large amount of BMS 10-11, Type 1 primer to the chrome plated surface and the chrome runout area. Rub the primer into the chrome plating with a vigorous scrubbing motion. Scrub each square foot of surface for 15-30 seconds. If primer gets onto adjacent surfaces, remove this primer as specified in Paragraph 5.E.(3).
在镀铬表面和铬偏移区域涂抹大量 BMS 10-11 型 1 号底漆，并用干酪布或类似材料擦拭。用用力擦洗的方式将底漆擦入镀铬层。每平方英尺表面擦洗 15-30 秒。如果底漆沾到邻近表面，应按照第 5.E.(3)段的规定清除底漆。
(3) Before the primer dries, remove unwanted wet primer with a clean dry cloth. Do not use a solvent.
在底漆干燥之前，用干净的干布清除不需要的湿底漆。不要使用溶剂。
(4) Cure the primer as specified in SOPM 20-41-02.
按照 SOPM 20-41-02 中的规定固化底漆。
(5) Apply primer to other surfaces as necessary as specified in the overhaul instructions. You can do this before you cure the wiped-on primer if you keep all cleaning fluids and equivalent agents away from the primed chrome plated surface.
根据大修说明的规定，在其他表面按需涂抹底漆。如果让所有清洁液和等效溶剂远离已涂底漆的镀铬表面，可以在固化已擦拭的底漆之前进行。
6. REWORK 再加工
A. As an alternative to removal of chrome plate by chemical stripping as specified in SOPM 20-30-02, you can grind it off. Use the applicable procedure for the base metal as given below.
除了按照 SOPM 20-30-02 的规定用化学剥离法去除铬板外，还可以用研磨法去除铬板。使用下面给出的适用于基体金属的程序。
B. Alloy steels
合金钢
(1) Grind as necessary as specified in Paragraph 2.
按照第 2 段的规定按需打磨。
(2) Etch examine the areas as specified in SOPM 20-10-02. Reject parts with rehardening or tempering burns.
按照 SOPM 20-10-02 的规定蚀刻检查各区域。报废有再硬化或回火烧伤的部件。
(3) Stress relieve as specified in SOPM 20-10-02. If the stress relief temperature will be above 400°F, remove all cadmium plating before you stress relieve.
按照 SOPM 20-10-02 的规定消除应力。如果消除应力的温度高于 400°F，则在消除应力前去除所有镀镉层。
(4) Magnetic particle examine as specified in SOPM 20-20-01.
按照 SOPM 20-20-01 的规定进行磁粉检查。
(5) If the stress relief temperature was above 400°F or if metal removal was more than 10% of the shot peening intensity, shot peen the part again as specified in SOPM 20-10-03 and the overhaul instructions.
如果消除应力的温度高于 400°F，或金属去除量超过喷丸强化强度的 10%，则按照 SOPM 20-10-03 和大修说明的规定再次对部件进行喷丸。
(6) Plate and refinish as necessary.
按需进行镀层和修整。
C. Precipitation hardened CRES
沉淀硬化的 CRES
(1) Grind as necessary as specified in Paragraph 2.
按第 2 段规定按需研磨。
(2) Stress relieve as specified in SOPM 20-10-02. If the stress relief temperature will be above 400°F, remove all cadmium plating before you stress relieve.
按照 SOPM 20-10-02 的规定消除应力。如消除应力的温度高于 400°F，应在消除应力前去除所有镀镉层。
(3) Magnetic particle examine as specified in SOPM 20-20-01.
按照 SOPM 20-20-01 的规定进行磁粉检查。
(4) If the stress relief temperature was above 400°F or if metal removal was more than 10% of the shot peening intensity, shot peen the part again as specified in SOPM 20-10-03 and the overhaul instructions.
如果消除应力的温度高于 400°F，或金属去除量超过喷丸强化强度的 10%，则按照 SOPM 20-10-03 和大修说明的规定再次对部件进行喷丸。
(5) Plate and refinish as necessary.
按需进行镀层和修整。
D. Nickel-base alloys
镍基合金
(1) Grind as necessary as specified in Paragraph 2.
按第 2 段的规定进行必要的研磨。
(2) Penetrant examine the area as specified in SOPM 20-20-02.
按照 SOPM 20-20-02 的规定对该区域进行渗透检查。
(3) If the overhaul instructions include shot peening and metal removal was more than 10% of the shot peening intensity, shot peen the part again as specified in SOPM 20-10-03.
如大修说明包括喷丸处理，且金属去除超过喷丸处理强度的 10%，则按 SOPM 20-10-03 的规定再次喷丸处理。
(4) Plate and refinish as necessary.
按需进行镀层和修整。