铜铍合金的机加工MACHINING OF COPPER BERYLLIUM ALLOYS
1. INTRODUCTION 介绍
A. The data in this subject comes from Boeing Process Specification BAC5648. The airline has a copy of the Boeing Process Specification manual.
本主题中的数据来自波音工艺规范 BAC5648。航空公司拥有波音工艺规范手册的副本。
B. This subject contains health and safety requirements necessary to use copper beryllium alloys which contain less than 2% beryllium. Emergency procedures are also included.
本主题包含使用铍含量低于 2% 的铍铜合金所需的健康和安全要求。还包括应急程序。
C. Refer to SOPM 20-00-00 for a list of all the vendor names and addresses.
有关所有供应商名称和地址的列表，请参阅SOPM 20-00-00。
2. DESCRIPTION 描述
A. Copper beryllium alloy is a good one for parts that can wear, such as bushings, safety tools, and certain airplane parts.
铍铜合金是一种很好的耐磨损零件，如衬套、安全工具和某些飞机零件。
B. These copper beryllium alloys are almost all copper, with 2% or less beryllium, and smaller amounts of other metals such as cobalt, nickel, iron or aluminum.
这些铜铍合金几乎全是铜，铍含量为 2% 或更少，还有少量其他金属，如钴、镍、铁或铝。
3. COPPER BERYLLIUM RISKS 铍铜的风险
A. Refer to BAC5648 for WARNING and CAUTION notes.
有关警告和注意事项，请参阅 BAC5648。
B. Health Risks
健康风险
(1) Copper beryllium is not dangerous in the solid condition. Special precautions are not necessary. Use the same precautions you use with other metals, such as copper and steel. Components or devices that include finished parts of copper beryllium alloys are also not dangerous.
铍铜在固体状态下没有危险。无需采取特别预防措施。请采取与铜和钢等其他金属相同的预防措施。包含铍铜合金成品零件的部件或设备也没有危险。
(2) Copper beryllium becomes a risk only when a person sensitive to beryllium breathes in a sufficiently large concentration of dusts, mists, or fumes of beryllium. Then serious lung disease can occur. Although only a small percentage of persons become sensitive to beryllium, those persons cannot be identified before that time. Thus all persons must have protection. (Permitted levels are given below in Paragraph 3.D.)
只有当对铍敏感的人吸入足够高浓度的铍尘埃、铍雾或铍烟时，铍铜才会成为一种危险。这时就会出现严重的肺部疾病。虽然只有一小部分人会对铍敏感，但在此之前无法识别这些人。因此，所有人都必须采取防护措施。(允许水平见下文第 3.D 段）。
(a) Particles smaller than 10 microns (0.0004 inch) are dangerous because they can stay in the air and be breathed in. The diameter of a human hair is approximately 40 microns (0.0016 inch).
小于 10 微米（0.0004 英寸）的微粒是危险的，因为它们可以停留在空气中并被吸入。人的头发直径约为 40 微米（0.0016 英寸）。
(b) Dusts can come into the air when you grind, sand, hone, abrasive saw, abrasive blast, or electrical discharge machine copper beryllium. If you do these operations wet (with a coolant or lubricant) the risk is decreased because the liquid keeps the dust out of the air. But the risk will come back when the liquid-dust mixture dries.
当对铍铜进行研磨、打磨、珩磨、砂锯、喷砂或放电加工时，粉尘会进入空气中。如果是湿式操作（使用冷却剂或润滑剂），风险会降低，因为液体会阻止粉尘进入空气中。但当液体与粉尘的混合物变干时，风险就会再次出现。
(c) Mists can come into the air when a coolant or lubricant is used. These mists could contain particles of copper beryllium.
使用冷却剂或润滑剂时，雾气会进入空气中。这些薄雾可能含有铍铜微粒。
(d) Fumes can come into the air from all of the metals in copper beryllium if you weld, melt, or electrical discharge machine the material, or let it become too hot because you did not use a coolant or lubricant. These fumes have the same effect as the particles. The fumes can also cause metal fume fever.
如果对铍铜材料进行焊接、熔化或放电加工，或由于未使用冷却剂或润滑剂而使其温度过高，铍铜中的所有金属都可能产生烟雾进入空气中。这些烟雾的作用与微粒相同。烟雾还可能导致金属烟雾热。
C. Fire Risks
火灾风险
(1) Copper beryllium alloy is not a fire hazard. It will not burn in the solid condition. A layer or a cloud of dust particles of this alloy will not burn.
铜铍合金没有火灾危险。它在固体状态下不会燃烧。一层或一团这种合金的灰尘颗粒也不会燃烧。
(2) Fumes or particles can get into the air if copper beryllium is in a fire. Then the fumes or particles become a risk to health if they are breathed in.
如果铍铜遇火，烟雾或颗粒会进入空气中。如果吸入这些烟雾或微粒，就会危及健康。
D. Permitted Levels
允许水平
(1) The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Organization (OSHA) standards, given below, were set to keep airborne concentrations much lower than the levels known to cause health problems.
美国职业安全与健康组织（OSHA）的标准如下，其目的是使空气中的铍浓度远远低于已知的会导致健康问题的水平。
(a) Daily time-weighted average exposure over an 8-hour day must not be more than 2 micrograms of beryllium per cubic meter of air.
每天 8 小时的时间加权平均接触量不得超过每立方米空气中 2 微克铍。
(b) Short-term exposures to 5-25 micrograms of beryllium per cubic meter of air must not total more than 30 minutes during an 8-hour work period.
在 8 小时工作时间内，每立方米空气中 5-25 微克铍的短期接触时间不得超过 30 分钟。
(c) Exposures to more than 25 micrograms of beryllium per cubic meter of air are not permitted.
不允许接触每立方米空气中超过 25 微克的铍。
(2) To give protection to the general public, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency does not permit more than 10 grams of beryllium per day to go into the air around a plant that works with beryllium.
为了给公众提供保护，美国环境保护局不允许每天有超过 10 克的铍进入使用铍的工厂周围的空气中。
4. PRECAUTIONS 预防措施
A. Do not breathe air that could contain dusts, mists, fumes, or vapors of beryllium.
不要吸入可能含有铍的粉尘、薄雾、烟雾或蒸汽的空气。
B. Control the details of operations that make dusts, fumes, or mists of copper beryllium, to confine the particles and keep them out of the air. This includes details of procedures, tools, and ventilation equipment. Operations that make dust include shop procedures (grinding, sanding, honing, abrasive sawing or blasting, electrical discharge machining) and housekeeping (removal of beryllium copper chips and dusts from shop tools). Refer to Paragraph 5. for details.
控制产生铍铜粉尘、烟雾或薄雾的操作细节，以限制颗粒并使其远离空气。这包括程序、工具和通风设备的细节。产生粉尘的操作包括车间程序（研磨、打磨、珩磨、磨料锯或喷砂、放电加工）和内务管理（清除车间工具上的铍铜屑和粉尘）。详见第 5 段。
C. When the controls are not sufficient to keep the copper beryllium out of the air, make the operators use respirators and special clothing, such as shop coats and gloves. But gloves must not be used at or near machines with parts that move. The respirators must be approved for protection from beryllium as recommended by industrial health and safety authorities. Boeing Industrial Hygiene specifies that OSH Class 114 respirators be used during operations that make dust.
当控制措施不足以阻止空气中的铍铜时，应让操作人员使用呼吸器和特殊服装，如工作服和手套。但在有移动零件的机器上或附近不得使用手套。呼吸器必须按照工业卫生和安全机构的建议，经批准用于铍防护。波音公司工业卫生部门规定的 OSH Class 114 呼吸器应在产生粉尘的操作中使用。
D. Machine shop procedures and housekeeping operations are not the only ones that could put copper beryllium particles into the air. The risk is there also when work is done on the ventilation equipment and vacuum cleaners. Persons who change filters and do related work on such equipment must use respirators and special clothing for protection from the copper beryllium dust in the equipment. Also, if there is a fire and copper beryllium items are in it, the firefighters must breathe through pressure-demand self-contained equipment. A respirator is not sufficient protection during a fire.
可能将铍铜微粒带入空气中的不仅仅是机械车间程序和内务操作。在通风设备和真空吸尘器上工作时也存在风险。在这些设备上更换过滤器和从事相关工作的人员必须使用呼吸器和特殊服装，以防止设备中的铍铜粉尘进入人体。此外，如果发生火灾，而火灾中又有铍铜物品，消防员必须通过压力需求型自给式设备进行呼吸。呼吸器不足以在火灾中提供保护。
E. Waste Disposal
废物处置
(1) Copper beryllium chips or dust are not a hazardous waste. If the chips are not mixed with other metals such as steel or aluminum, they can be recycled. Many recycling centers and some vendors of the raw material will accept copper beryllium scrap.
铍铜屑或灰尘不属于危险废物。如果铍铜屑未与钢或铝等其他金属混合，则可回收利用。许多回收中心和一些原材料供应商会接受铍铜屑。
(2) Put dusts, such as from baghouses or the vacuum cleaner, into a plastic bag. Seal the bag and put it into a good, strong container. Identify the contents as copper beryllium dust.
将袋式除尘器或吸尘器产生的灰尘装入塑料袋。将塑料袋密封并放入一个结实的容器中。标明内装物为铍铜粉尘。
(3) Send other copper beryllium waste, such as filters, rags, dirty disposable clothes and respirator cartridges, to approved waste facilities. These items are not hazardous waste.
将其他铍铜废物，如过滤器、抹布、脏的一次性衣物和呼吸器滤芯，送往经批准的废物处理设施。这些物品不属于危险废物。
5. CONTROLS FOR SHOP PROCEDURES THAT MAKE DUST 产生粉尘的车间程序的控制措施
A. These operations usually make dust during the procedure: grinding, sanding, honing, abrasive sawing, abrasive blasting, and electrical discharge machining. This dust must be controlled to make sure it does not get into the air where it could be breathed in.
这些操作过程中通常会产生粉尘：研磨、打磨、珩磨、磨料锯、喷砂和放电加工。必须对这些粉尘进行控制，以确保其不会进入空气中而被吸入。
B. To control the dust, confine it with enclosures, baffles, guards or shrouds on the machining equipment. Use a ventilated enclosure at the point where the tool touches the copper beryllium material and in the direct line of travel of the dust particles. Use high-velocity exhaust ducts or vacuum hoses.
为控制粉尘，应在加工设备上安装外壳、挡板、防护装置或防护罩。在工具接触铍铜材料的位置和粉尘颗粒的直接传播路线上使用通风罩。使用高速排气管或真空管。
C. If possible, use wet procedures, because the coolant or lubricant will hold the dust particles and keep them out of the air. But you must be careful, because the mix of dust and lubricant could become dry or become a vapor and let the copper beryllium get into the air.
如果可能，请使用湿式程序，因为冷却剂或润滑剂会吸附灰尘颗粒，使其远离空气。但必须小心，因为灰尘和润滑剂的混合物可能会变干或变成蒸汽，让铍铜进入空气中。
D. Supply local exhaust ventilation for all operations which make beryllium dusts, fumes, or mists. In the ventilation system, include devices to clean the air, such as cyclones, baghouses, or high-efficiency filters, to prevent beryllium contamination of the air the persons must breathe.
为所有产生铍粉尘、烟雾或薄雾的操作提供局部排气通风。在通风系统中安装空气净化装置，如旋风分离器、袋式除尘器或高效过滤器，以防止人员必须呼吸的空气受到铍污染。
E. For the operations that make dust, if hoods and local exhaust systems cannot be installed to collect the dusts, fumes, and chips from the machine tools, use portable vacuum cleaners or dust collectors (with absolute filters). A dropout can is recommended ahead of the vacuum if the operation makes a large amount of chips. This equipment can also be used to clean floors and other areas with dust contamination. Identify such equipment “For Copper Beryllium Use Only” as a caution and to make it possible to recycle the collected copper beryllium. Here are some examples of approved equipment:
对于产生粉尘的操作，如果无法安装集尘罩和局部排气系统来收集机床产生的粉尘、烟雾和碎屑，可使用便携式吸尘器或集尘器（带绝对过滤器）。如果操作过程中产生大量切屑，建议在真空吸尘器前安装滤尘罐。这种设备还可用于清洁地板和其他有粉尘污染的区域。在此类设备上标明 “仅供铍铜使用 “字样，以示警惕，并使回收的铍铜得以循环利用。以下是一些经认可的设备示例：
(1) M.S.A. Contamovac, V55799
(2) All American X-100, V01072
(3) UOP Integral Dust Collector, V48512
F. If the ventilation systems malfunction, stop all work on the copper beryllium until the ventilation system is put back into operation.
如果通风系统发生故障，在通风系统恢复运行之前，应停止铍铜的所有作业。
G. Keep chips and scrap of copper beryllium apart from those of other metals, to let you recycle the different metals.
将铍铜的碎片和废料与其他金属的碎片和废料分开存放，以便回收不同的金属。
H. You can sweep up copper beryllium chips and turnings, but not the dust. Use a vacuum cleaner and wet procedures on copper beryllium dust, to keep the dust out of the air.
可以清扫铍铜碎片和铜屑，但不能清扫灰尘。对铍铜粉尘使用吸尘器和湿程序，以防止粉尘进入空气中。
I. Ventilation and local exhaust equipment is necessary only for operations that make dust. Be sure to regularly do maintenance on such equipment.
只有产生粉尘的作业才需要通风和局部排气设备。确保定期对此类设备进行维护。
6. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 紧急程序
NOTE: Unless specified differently, these procedures are the same as for other metals, such as copper, steel or aluminum
注： 除非另有规定，这些程序与铜、钢或铝等其他金属的程序相同
A. Eyes
眼睛
(1) Do not rub.
不要揉搓。
(2) Flush out the dusts or powder with clean water.
用清水冲洗灰尘或粉末。
(3) Lift the upper and lower eyelids frequently to be sure all of the unwanted matter is removed.
经常抬起上下眼睑，以确保所有不需要的物质都被清除。
(4) If irritation continues, get medical help.
如果刺激持续，请就医。
B. Skin
皮肤
(1) For skin cuts and abrasions, use standard first aid procedures.
对于皮肤割伤和擦伤，采用标准的急救程序。
(2) Remove contamination from the skin with soap and water.
用肥皂和水清除皮肤上的污染物。
(3) If irritation continues, get medical help.
如果刺激症状持续，请就医。
C. Nose
鼻子
(1) If dusts or fumes are breathed in and the person then cannot breathe easily, remove the person immediately to fresh air.
如果吸入粉尘或烟雾，导致呼吸困难，应立即将其转移到空气新鲜的地方。
(2) If breathing stops, give the person artificial respiration and get medical help.
如果呼吸停止，给患者做人工呼吸，并寻求医疗帮助。
D. Mouth
口腔
(1) If dust or powder is eaten and the person is conscious, let the person drink large quantities of water, then try to cause the person to vomit.
如果吃了灰尘或粉末，而患者意识清醒，应让患者大量喝水，然后设法让患者呕吐。
(2) Get medical help.
寻求医疗帮助。
E. Spills
泄漏
(1) Spills of solid copper beryllium, such as raw material or pieces or chips, are not a problem.
固体铍铜，如原材料或碎片或碎屑，不会造成泄漏。
(2) If copper beryllium dust or powder is spilled, isolate the area. Persons that go into the area must have the protection of respirators and special clothing.
如果铍铜粉尘或粉末溢出，应隔离该区域。进入该区域的人员必须佩戴呼吸器并穿上特殊服装。
(3) Clean up the spilled dust or powder with the special vacuum cleaner (with high efficiency particulate air filtration system). Then use wet procedures. Be careful to keep airborne dust or powder to a minimum.
使用专用吸尘器（带高效微粒空气过滤系统）清理溢出的粉尘或粉末。然后使用湿程序。注意尽量减少空气中的粉尘或粉末。
(4) Be careful to prevent contamination of water and air environments. If contamination of the environment occurs, reports could be necessary to national, state and local authorities.
注意防止水和空气环境受到污染。如果发生环境污染，可能需要向国家、州和地方当局报告。
7. MACHINING HINTS 加工提示
A. Refer to BAC5648 for WARNING and CAUTION notes.
有关警告和注意事项，请参阅 BAC5648。
B. BAC5648 gives recommended values and tool data to let you saw, drill, mill, turn, bore, ream, deburr, grind, sand, hone, blast and machine copper beryllium alloys. The data in BAC5648 is only a guide to let you get started. Some adjustment could be necessary as tools and other conditions change.
BAC5648 提供了锯切、钻孔、铣削、车削、镗孔、铰孔、去毛刺、研磨、打磨、珩磨、喷砂和加工铜铍合金的推荐值和刀具数据。BAC5648 中的数据仅作为入门指南。随着工具和其他条件的变化，可能需要进行一些调整。
C. For cutting fluids, use a water-soluble or mineral oil as listed in BAC5008 under Manufacturing Aid Lubricants and Coolants.
对于切削液，请使用 BAC5008 制造辅助润滑剂和冷却剂中列出的水溶性或矿物油。