电气和电子元件标准测试说明ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC COMPONENT STANDARD TESTING INSTRUCTIONS
1. INTRODUCTION 介绍
A. The procedures in this subject are for electrical or electronic module assemblies which do not have overhaul instructions in a component-specific manual. These units could contain items such as switches, lamps, relays, capacitors, diodes, resistors, zener diodes. This includes components mounted separately, or in a small unit whose function can be easily known from its schematic diagram.
本主题中的程序适用于在特定组件手册中没有大修说明的电气或电子模块部件。这些组件可能包含开关、灯、继电器、电容器、二极管、电阻器、齐纳二极管等项目。这包括单独安装的元件，或其功能可通过原理图轻易了解的小型部件。
B. If the unit has a component-specific overhaul manual or component maintenance manual and the instructions in it are different, use the instructions in the component-specific manual.
如果部件有规定的大修手册或组件维护手册，且其中的说明不同，则使用规定的手册中的说明。
2. EQUIPMENT 设备
A. Use standard industry test equipment, such as multimeters, power supplies, etc.
使用标准的工业测试设备，如万用表、电源等。
B. Make sure the total error of all instruments used in the measurement is no more than 25 percent of the value of the measurement.
确保测量中使用的所有仪器的总误差不超过测量值的 25%。
3. DEFINITIONS 定义
A. Component – Any circuit element other than a wire segment, splice, lug, shield, connector, or other item related to wiring. Examples of components are capacitors, diodes, relays, resistors, SCRs, switches, transformers, and transistors.
元件 – 除导线段、接头、接线片、屏蔽罩、连接器或其他与布线有关的项目外的任何电路元件。例如电容器、二极管、继电器、电阻器、可控硅、开关、变压器和晶体管。
B. Conditional node – A group of pins that are electrically common because of the condition (position) of a relay or switch.
条件节点 – 由于继电器或开关的条件（位置）而电气共通的一组引脚。
C. Continuity – A resistance of 3 ohms or less.
连续性 – 电阻为 3 欧姆或更小。
D. Open Circuit – A resistance of 900 kilohms or higher.
开路 – 电阻为 900 千欧或更高。
E. Node – A group of connector pins that are electrically common because of electrical wiring or components inside the unit.
节点 – 由于设备内部的电气接线或元件而在电气上共通的一组连接器引脚。
4. GENERAL 通用
A. In general, do these tests, as applicable:
一般情况下，应酌情进行这些测试：
(1) Continuity and open-circuit tests on all units.
对所有部件进行连续性和开路测试。
(2) An electrical test for each component of the unit, if the unit includes electrical components such as switches, resistors, diodes.
若部件包括开关、电阻器、二极管等电气部件，则对部件的每个元件进行电气测试。
(3) A functional test for components that cannot be isolated individually.
对不能单独隔离的元件进行功能测试。
B. Be sure to give all components protection from too much voltage or current.
确保保护所有元件免受过高的电压或电流。
C. The continuity and open circuit tests are to make sure that the wires and the components are correctly installed, and that insulated conductors are electrically isolated from each other and from the chassis.
连续性和开路测试是为了确保电线和元件安装正确，绝缘导体相互之间以及与底盘之间电气隔离。
D. The component test is to make sure that the item is correctly installed, and to be sure the electrical characteristics of the item are within specified limits. This test is for components that are individually connected in the circuit with access through pins from the assembly connectors.
部件测试是为了确保部件安装正确，并确保部件的电气特性在规定的范围内。该测试适用于单独连接在电路中的元件，这些元件可通过组件连接器的插针接入。
E. The functional test is for components that are connected together in the circuit where one item cannot be examined by itself. For example, a diode connected across a relay coil cannot be given a resistance test because of the parallel resistance of the coil. Or a resistor in series with a zener diode without access to the junction between them cannot be given a resistance test. These units must be given a functional test as a combination of the individual components.
功能测试适用于电路中连接在一起的元件，其中一个元件不能单独进行测试。例如，连接在继电器线圈上的二极管因线圈的并联电阻而无法进行电阻测试。或者，一个电阻器与一个齐纳二极管串联，但无法接触到它们之间的结点，因此无法进行电阻测试。这些装置必须作为单个元件的组合进行功能测试。
5. CONTINUITY AND OPEN CIRCUIT TESTS 连续性和开路测试
A. Measure the continuity of all connector pins in each node and each conditional node.
测量每个节点和每个条件节点中所有连接器引脚的连续性。
B. Make sure the resistance of the wiring, and switch and relay contacts, is no more than 3 ohms.
确保接线、开关和继电器的电阻不超过 3 欧姆。
C. Use a test current of 0.5 amp or less.
使用 0.5 安培或更小的测试电流。
D. Measure the continuity through each switch and relay contact in each position.
测量每个开关和继电器触点在每个位置上的连续性。
E. Make sure there is an open circuit between
确保以下两者之间有开路
(1) Open contacts of switches and relays
开关和继电器的开路
(2) Insulated conductors
绝缘导线
(3) Conductors and the chassis
导线和底盘
6. COMPONENT TESTS 元件测试
A. Lamp assemblies
灯组件
(1) Make each lamp come on with a voltage applied to the pins of the lamp assembly through the pins of the output connector. Use the voltage as specified by the specification for the lamp assembly (±10 percent). Make sure the lamp comes on.
通过输出连接器的引脚向灯管组件的引脚施加电压，使每个灯管点亮。使用灯组件规格规定的电压（±10%）。确保灯亮。
(2) Do this test to all lamp circuits inside the lamp assembly, and the switch contacts and diodes. For diodes, use the test of Paragraph 6.B. below, or apply a reverse voltage to the lamp assembly contacts and make sure the lamp does not come on.
对灯管组件内部的所有灯管电路、开关触点和二极管进行此测试。对于二极管，使用下面第 6.B 段的测试，或在灯组件触点上施加反向电压，确保灯不亮。
B. Diodes
二极管
(1) Make sure the diode is not connected across other components which could interfere with the resistance value of the diode.
确保二极管未跨接其他可能干扰二极管电阻值的元件。
(2) Measure the forward and reverse resistances with a resistance comparator, resistance bridge, or a digital ohmmeter. Make sure the forward resistance is less than 300 ohms, and the reverse resistance is more than 900 kilohms.
使用电阻比较器、电阻桥或数字欧姆表测量正向和反向电阻。确保正向电阻小于 300 欧姆，反向电阻大于 900 千欧。
(3) Apply 28 vdc through a 1000 ohm resistor to the diode in the test. Measure the voltage across the diode when the diode is forward biased, and then when it is reverse biased. Make sure the forward bias voltage across the diode is 1 volt or less. Make sure the reverse bias voltage across the diode is a minimum of 95 percent of the applied voltage.
通过一个 1000 欧姆的电阻器向测试中的二极管施加 28 伏直流电压。测量二极管正向偏置和反向偏置时两端的电压。确保二极管上的正向偏置电压为 1 伏或更低。确保二极管上的反向偏置电压至少为施加电压的 95%。
(4) Use test equipment with these accuracies:
使用具有这些精度的测试设备：
Measurement instruments: ±5% or better, 0.1-30 volts
测量仪器：±5% 或更高，0.1-30 伏
Input impedance: 100 kilohms or more
输入阻抗：100 千欧或更高
DC Test Voltages: ±10%
直流测试电压： ±10
Resistances: ±5%
电阻： ±5
C. Resistors
电阻器
(1) Make sure the resistor is not connected across other components which could interfere with the resistance value of the resistor.
确保电阻器没有连接到其他元件上，以免干扰电阻器的阻值。
(2) Use one of these methods:
使用以下方法之一：
(a) Use a digital ohmmeter, wheatstone bridge, or resistance comparator.
使用数字欧姆表、wheatstone桥或电阻比较器。
(b) Apply a specified current through the resistor, and then measure the voltage this generates across the resistor. Use a constant current power supply and measure with a digital voltmeter. Be sure to consider the accuracy of the current supply and of the digital voltmeter, and the loading effect of the meter when you make you make the selection of the test equipment.
通过电阻器施加规定的电流，然后测量电阻器两端产生的电压。使用恒流电源，用数字电压表测量。在选择测试设备时，请务必考虑电流电源和数字电压表的精度，以及电压表的负载效应。
(c) Connect a resistor of known value in series with the resistor to be measured. Apply a voltage of known value across the series combination. Measure the voltage across the known resistor and calculate the value of the unknown resistance with this formula:
将已知值的电阻器与待测电阻器串联。在串联组合两端施加已知值的电压。测量已知电阻两端的电压，并按下式计算未知电阻的值：
R = (EuRstd)/(E-Eu ) where
R = (EuRstd)/(E-Eu ) 其中
R is the unknown resistance
R 是未知电阻
Rstd is the known resistor
Rstd 是已知电阻
E is the applied voltage
E 是外加电压
Eu is the voltage across the unknown resistor
Eu 是未知电阻上的电压
(3) Use test equipment with these accuracies:
使用具有这些精度的测试设备：
(a) Make sure the total error of all instruments used in the measurement is no more than 25 percent of the value of the measurement.
确保测量中使用的所有仪器的总误差不超过测量值的 25%。
(b) Make sure the input impedance of the voltmeter is sufficiently high that the accuracy of the voltage measurement is within the specified limits.
确保电压表的输入阻抗足够高，使电压测量的精度在规定的范围内。
D. Capacitors
电容器
(1) Make sure the capacitor is not connected across other components which could interfere with the impedance value of the capacitor.
确保电容器未连接到其他可能干扰电容器阻抗值的元件上。
(2) Use one of these methods:
使用以下方法之一：
(a) Measure the capacitance with a capacitance bridge, comparator, or other capacitance measuring device.
使用电容电桥、比较器或其他电容测量装置测量电容。
(b) Connect a resistor of known value in series with the capacitor. Apply an alternating current of known voltage and frequency across the series combination. Measure the voltage across the capacitor and calculate the capacitance with this formula:
在电容器上串联一个已知值的电阻器。在串联组合上施加已知电压和频率的交流电。测量电容器上的电压，并按下式计算电容：
C is the unknown capacitance
C 是未知电容
f is the frequency of the applied voltage
f 是外加电压的频率
R is the resistance of the added series resistor
R 是添加的串联电阻的阻值
Va is the applied AC voltage
Va 是外加交流电压
Vc is the voltage across the capacitor
Vc 是电容器两端电压
(3) Make sure the total error of all instruments used in the measurement is no more than 25 percent of the value of the measurement.
确保测量中使用的所有仪器的总误差不超过测量值的 25%。
E. Transformers
变压器
(1) Make sure the transformer is not connected across other components which could interfere with the impedance value of the transformer.
确保变压器没有连接到其他可能干扰变压器阻抗值的部件上。
(2) Apply an AC voltage to the primary of the transformer, but make sure it is not sufficiently high to damage the transformer. Connect a load, such as a resistor of applicable value, across the secondary. Measure the voltage across the primary and across the secondary. Calculate the voltage ratio. Make sure this ratio is within the limits given by the specification or equivalent document.
向变压器初级施加交流电压，但确保电压不会高到足以损坏变压器。在次级上连接一个负载，例如一个适用值的电阻器。测量初级和次级两端电压。计算电压比。确保该比率在规格书或同等文件规定的范围内。
F. Zener diodes
齐纳二极管
(1) Make sure the diode is not connected across other components which could interfere with the impedance value of the diode.
确保二极管未跨接其他可能干扰二极管阻抗值的元件。
(2) Use one of these methods:
使用以下方法之一：
(a) Connect a resistor in series with the diode to keep the current within safe limits. Measure the voltage across the diode with a voltmeter. Make sure the voltage is within the specified limits. Be sure to use a resistance and voltage to make the diode operate at a minimum of 50 percent of rated power.
在二极管上串联一个电阻器，将电流控制在安全范围内。用电压表测量二极管两端的电压。确保电压在规定的范围内。确保使用的电阻和电压能使二极管以至少 50% 的额定功率工作。
(b) Apply a specified current from a current source through the diode. Measure the voltage across the diode with a voltmeter. Make sure the voltage is within the specified limits. For the current, use the value specified as the test current in the specification, or use a current that lets the diode operate at a minimum of 50 percent of rated power.
从电流源给二极管施加规定的电流。用电压表测量二极管两端的电压。确保电压在规定的范围内。对于电流，使用规格书中规定的测试电流值，或使用能让二极管以至少 50% 的额定功率工作的电流。
(3) Make sure the total error of all instruments used in the measurement is no more than 25 percent of the value of the measurement.
确保测量中使用的所有仪器的总误差不超过测量值的 25%。
7. FUNCTIONAL TESTS 功能测试
A. Do functional tests on all circuit components that cannot be given a test individually.
对所有不能单独进行测试的电路部件进行功能测试。
B. If you do not know what the circuit does, review the schematic diagram and the specifications of the individual components.
如果不知道电路的功能，请查看原理图和各个元件的规格。
C. When you know what the circuit does, make analyses of the circuit to find out applicable input and expected output signals. Then do the tests and see if the actual output signals are within expected limits. The limits can be calculated from a worst case analysis of the accuracy of the components in the unit.
知道电路的作用后，对电路进行分析，找出适用的输入和预期的输出信号。然后进行测试，看看实际输出信号是否在预期范围内。限值可通过对设备中元件精度的最坏情况分析计算得出。
D. For a test load, use a load which is a maximum of 80 percent of the rated load as given by the specification. If you know the end-use load, use this as the test load. If you use a different type of load as a replacement, be sure that the replacement you use is the same type and size as the specified end-use load. For example, if an incandescent lamp is specified as an inductive load, do not use noninductive resistors as an alternative.
对于测试负载，应使用规格书中规定的最大额定负载的 80%。如果知道最终使用负载，则将其作为测试负载。如果使用不同类型的负载作为替代，应确保所使用的替代负载与规定的最终使用负载的类型和尺寸相同。例如，如果白炽灯被规定为电感负载，则不要使用无感电阻器作为替代。