渗透检测方法
PENETRANT METHODS OF INSPECTION
1. INTRODUCTION 介绍
A. The data in this subject comes from Boeing process specification BAC5423 and Boeing specification support standard BSS7039. The airline has a copy of the Boeing Process Specification manual.
本主题中的数据来自波音工艺规范 BAC5423 和波音规范支持标准 BSS7039。航空公司拥有波音工艺规范手册的副本。
B. The data is general. It is not about all situations or specific installations. Use this data to help you write minimum requirements.
数据是通用的。并不涉及所有情况或特定安装。使用这些数据可帮助您编写最低要求。
C. The Boeing Company will not test penetrant materials for the airlines or act as an intermediary between vendors and airlines, but Boeing will occasionally test new materials as they become available.
波音公司不会为航空公司测试渗透剂材料，也不会充当供应商和航空公司之间的中间人，但波音公司偶尔会测试可用的新材料。
D. Industry standard specifications AMS 2647 and ASTM E1417 are acceptable alternatives to this procedure.
行业标准规范 AMS 2647 和 ASTM E1417 可替代本程序。
E. Refer to SOPM 20-00-00 for a full list of all the vendor names and addresses.
有关所有供应商名称和地址的完整列表，请参阅 SOPM 20-00-00。
2. GENERAL 通用
A. Penetrant examination uses the property of a liquid to go into a defect that is open at the surface of the part. The liquid is applied to the surface and permitted to soak in. Unwanted liquid is removed from the surface, but some liquid stays in the defect. A developer is applied to pull the liquid out of the defect so it can be seen. Fluorescent penetrants are examined under ultraviolet light.
渗透检查利用液体的特性进入零件表面裂开的缺陷。将液体涂抹到表面并允许其浸入。不需要的液体会从表面清除，但有些液体会留在缺陷中。使用显影剂将液体从缺陷中拉出，以便可以看见它。在紫外线下检查荧光渗透剂。
B. Penetrants are usually used on nonferrous metals, but they can be used on all metals, ceramics, glass and plastics. With some special alloys or plastics, precautions must be used to prevent damage to the part.
渗透剂通常用于有色金属，但也可用于所有金属、陶瓷、玻璃和塑料。对于某些特殊合金或塑料，必须采取预防措施以防止损坏零件。
C. A penetrant inspection system is a group of penetrant materials used together to do the inspection. These systems are put into groups by penetrant type, removal method, developer type, and sensitivity level. The details of the systems are shown in Table 1.
渗透检测系统是一组共同使用的渗透材料，用于进行检测。这些系统按渗透剂类型、去除方法、显影剂类型和灵敏度等级分为几组。系统详情见表 1。
D. The latest revision of the Qualified Product List to AMS 2644 gives a full list of all approved penetrant materials. Other materials can be used if they become approved to be added to that list.
最新修订的 AMS 2644 合格产品清单列出了所有经批准的渗透剂材料。如果其他材料获准加入该清单，也可使用。
E. In each penetrant inspection system, use the materials from only one manufacturer at a time. Do not use materials of one manufacturer with those from a different manufacturer unless tests make you sure the results will be satisfactory.
在每个渗透检测系统中，一次只能使用一个制造商的材料。不要将一个制造商生产的材料与另一个制造商生产的材料混合使用，除非经过测试可以确保结果令人满意。
F. If the overhaul instructions do not give the sensitivity level for penetrant inspection, use the data in Table 2 as a guide. This gives minimum sensitivity levels. Higher sensitivity levels can be used unless specified by overhaul instructions.
如果大修说明中没有给出渗透检查的灵敏度级别，则使用表 2 中的数据作为指导。表 2 给出了最低灵敏度级别。除非大修说明有规定的，否则可以使用更高的灵敏度
G. Selection of penetrants for metallic parts
金属零件渗透剂的选择
(1) Unless specified differently, use the sensitivity levels in Table 2.
除非另有规定，否则应使用表 2 中的灵敏度级别。
(2) Examine aluminum-lithium alloys with Method B or Method D penetrants only.
只能使用方法 B 或方法 D 的渗透剂检查铝锂合金。
(3) Method C penetrants can be used to examine local areas.
可使用方法 C 的渗透剂检查局部区域。
(4) On parts which will contain liquid oxygen, and which cannot be fully cleaned after the examination, use Method E penetrants.
对于将含有液氧且检查后无法完全清洗的零件，使用方法 E 的渗透剂。
H. Selection of penetrants for nonmetallic or composite parts
为非金属或复合材料零件选择渗透剂
(1) Make sure that the inspection materials will not damage the surface. The inspection materials must not cause cracks, crazing, pits, etching, or discoloration.
确保检查材料不会损坏表面。检查材料不得导致裂纹、龟裂、凹坑、蚀刻或褪色。
(2) Phenolic and equivalent plastics can be safely examined with all Type 1 penetrants.
所有 1 类渗透剂都可以安全地检查酚醛塑料和同类塑料。
(3) Nonmetallic materials can be examined with Type 1 Method E penetrants.
非金属材料可用 1 类 E 法渗透剂进行检查。
(4) Teflon and equivalent plastics can be examined with Type 1, Method E penetrants. For these penetrants, QPL-25135 approval is not necessary.
可以使用 1 类 E 法渗透剂检验聚四氟乙烯和同类塑料。对于这些渗透剂，无需 QPL-25135 批准。
(5) Developer is not necessary when you penetrant examine plastics. If you use the developer with Method E penetrants, use only dry powder developer.
对塑料进行渗透检查时，无需使用显影剂。如果使用方法 E 的渗透剂，只能使用干粉显影剂。
I. Do not use visible penetrants. If visible penetrants are used before fluorescent penetrants, mixtures of visible penetrants with fluorescent penetrants will prevent fluorescence, and you will not see the defects. Also, visible penetrants can become hard, and when they get into thin cracks, the penetrant cannot be removed with the usual cleaning procedures.
不要使用可见渗透剂。如果在使用荧光渗透剂之前使用可见渗透剂，可见渗透剂与荧光渗透剂的混合物会妨碍荧光的产生，从而无法看到缺陷。此外，可见光渗透剂会变硬，当它们进入细小的裂缝中时，通常的清洁程序无法清除渗透剂。
3. MATERIALS 材料
A. Chemical Etch
化学蚀刻
(1) Sodium hydroxide flakes or pellets, technical grade
工业级氢氧化钠薄片或颗粒
(2) Nitric acid (20% solution of 40-42° Baume, technical grade acid) (BAC5765 solution 13A)
硝酸（40-42° 波美 20%溶液，工业级酸）（BAC5765 溶液 13A）
(3) Nitric-fluoride etch solutions for titanium (BAC5753 Method II A)
用于钛的氟化硝酸蚀刻溶液（BAC5753 方法 II A）
(4) Hydrochloric acid, concentrated
浓盐酸
(5) Hydrofluoric acid, concentrated
浓氢氟酸
(6) Hydrofluoric acid, 70%
70%氢氟酸
(7) Ammonium bifluoride
氟化氢铵
B. Penetrants — Refer to the QPL of AMS 2644 for a full list of approved products. Other materials can be used if they become approved to add to that list.
渗透剂 — 请参阅 AMS 2644 的 QPL，了解获准产品的完整清单。如果其他材料获准加入该清单，也可使用。
C. Aliphatic naphtha — TT-N-95 (SOPM 20-60-01)
脂肪族石脑油 — TT-N-95 (SOPM 20-60-01)
D. Thinner — TT-T-291, Grade I (SOPM 20-60-01)
稀释剂 — TT-T-291，I 级（SOPM 20-60-01）
4. EQUIPMENT 设备
A. Set up the penetrant inspection equipment to keep to a minimum possible contamination of the penetrant materials by water, dust, or dirt. Include a good flow of air when you will use solvents, removers, developers which are not water-based, or if you spray the penetrants.
设置渗透检查设备，以尽量减少渗透材料可能受到的水、灰尘或污物污染。在使用溶剂、清除剂、非水性显影剂或喷洒渗透剂时，要有良好的气流。
B. For black light inspections
黑光检查
(1) Use bulbs to send out light in the 320-400 nanometer range, to give a minimum of 1000 microwatts per square centimeter at 15 inches (38 cm) from the bulb or filter face.
使用发出 320-400 纳米范围光线的灯泡，在距离灯泡或滤光器表面 15 英寸（38 厘米）处，每平方厘米的功率至少为 1000 微瓦。
(2) Do tests of the black light intensity as follows:
按以下方法测试黑光强度：
(a) Weekly, if the intensity is more than 1500 microwatts per square centimeter at the 15 inch (38 cm) minimum distance.
如果在 15 英寸（38 厘米）的最小距离处每平方厘米的强度超过 1500 微瓦，则每周测试一次。
(b) Daily, if the intensity is 1000-1500 microwatts per square centimeter at the 15 inch (38 cm) minimum distance.
如果在 15 英寸（38 厘米）最小距离处的强度为每平方厘米 1000-1500 微瓦特，则每天测试。
(3) Black light intensity at the part surface — See Table 3.
零件表面的黑光强度 — 见表 3。
5. SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS 操作顺序
A. Penetrant examine parts after heat treatment, welding, final machining operations, or other procedures that could cause defects or make them come to the surface.
在热处理、焊接、最后加工操作或其他可能导致缺陷或使缺陷浮出表面的程序后，对零件进行渗透检查。
B. Penetrant examine parts before surface treatments that will smear metal, close surface openings or get into the defects any contamination which cannot be removed or which will cause a problem with the penetrant. Some of these operations are:
在对零件进行表面处理之前，对零件进行渗透检查，因为表面处理会涂抹金属、封闭表面开口或使任何无法清除或会对渗透剂造成问题的污染物进入缺陷处。这些操作包括：
(1) Application of conversion coatings such as anodize, chemical treatment, chromate treatment, and passivation
阳极氧化、化学处理、铬酸盐处理和钝化等转换涂层的应用
(2) Peening
喷丸
(3) Impregnation, plating, painting, and application of solid film lubricant
浸渍、电镀、喷漆和涂抹固体薄膜润滑剂
(4) Abrasive cleaning, blasting, sanding, buffing, burnishing, honing, and grinding. For machine-ground bushings, penetrant examine after machining but before final grinding.
磨料清洗、喷砂、打磨、抛光、珩磨和研磨。对于机磨衬套，应在机加工后但最终打磨前进行渗透检查。
C. If the surface has a conversion coating (anodize, chemical treatment, chromate treatment or passivation), coating removal before you penetrant examine is not necessary unless there is a high penetrant background.
如果表面有转换涂层（阳极氧化、化学处理、铬酸盐处理或钝化），则无需在渗透检查前去除涂层，除非渗透背景很高。
D. If the surface has smeared metal, chemical etch per Paragraph 6. to remove a minimum of 0.0002 inch from the surface. The etch is not necessary before a penetrant check of an operation that forms or straightens a part after the operation that smeared the metal.
如果表面有金属污点，则按照第 6.段进行化学蚀刻，从表面去除至少 0.0002 英寸的污点。在对沾有金属的操作后的零件进行成形或矫直操作的渗透检查之前，无需进行蚀刻。
E. Do not penetrant examine shot-peened surfaces unless the overhaul instructions are different.
除非大修说明不同，否则不要对喷丸表面进行渗透检查。
F. Remove impregnations, plating, paint, or solid film lubricant before you penetrant examine.
在进行渗透检查之前，清除浸渍、电镀、油漆或干膜润滑剂。
6. CHEMICAL ETCH 化学蚀刻
A. Use this procedure to chemically remove smeared metal when necessary.
必要时使用此程序对污损金属进行化学清除。
B. When necessary and to prevent changes to important dimensions, give holes with small tolerances the protection of masks or plugs before the etch. Remove this protection after the etch and before the penetrant examination.
必要时，为防止重要尺寸发生变化，在蚀刻前对公差较小的孔进行掩盖或塞子保护。在蚀刻后和渗透检查前去除保护层。
C. For Aluminum Alloy
对于铝合金
(1) Solutions
溶液
CAUTION :THESE CHEMICALS ARE VERY CORROSIVE AND POISONOUS. DO NOT BREATHE THE VAPORS OR MISTS. DO NOT GET THE CHEMICALS IN THE EYES, ON THE SKIN OR ON CLOTHING. DO NOT LET THE CHEMICALS TOUCH MATERIALS THAT CAN BURN. WHEN YOU MIX THESE CHEMICALS WITH WATER, ALWAYS ADD THE CHEMICAL TO THE WATER. DO NOT ADD WATER TO THE CONCENTRATED CHEMICAL, BECAUSE THE WATER WILL BOIL AT AN EXPLOSIVE RATE AS YOU ADD IT.
注意 :这些化学品具有很强的腐蚀性，而且有毒。切勿吸入蒸汽或雾气。不要让化学品进入眼睛、皮肤或衣服。不要让化学品接触会燃烧的材料。将这些化学品与水混合时，一定要将化学品加入水中。不要把水加到浓缩化学品中，因为水在加入时会以爆炸的速度沸腾。
(a) Method 1 (Sodium Hydroxide etch) — Make a solution of 10 grams sodium hydroxide in 90 ml tap water.
方法 1（氢氧化钠蚀刻）– 在 90 毫升自来水中加入 10 克氢氧化钠溶液。
(b) Method 2 (Flicks etch) — Add 10 ml concentrated hydrofluoric acid and 15 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid to 90 ml tap water. Mix fully.
方法 2（Flicks 蚀刻）– 在 90 毫升自来水中加入 10 毫升浓氢氟酸和 15 毫升浓盐酸。充分混合。
(2) Carefully clean the surfaces to remove all grease, oil, dirt and other contamination.
仔细清洁表面，去除所有油脂、油、污垢和其他污染物。
(3) Apply the solution with swabs to the surfaces for 2-5 minutes. Be careful not to let the solution get into faying surfaces. This etch solution will make black smut.
用棉签将溶液涂抹在物体表面 2-5 分钟。注意不要让溶液进入粘合表面。这种蚀刻溶液会产生黑色污垢。
(4) Rinse with a good flow of water.
用清水冲洗。
(5) Remove the black smut with the 20% nitric acid solution applied with swabs.
用棉签蘸取 20% 的硝酸溶液清除黑色污垢。
(6) Rinse with a good flow of water. This step is very important, because etchant that stays on the surface can cause intergranular corrosion.
用清水冲洗干净。这一步非常重要，因为留在表面的蚀刻液会导致晶间腐蚀。
(7) Dry fully with a hot air dryer. The surface must be completely dry before you apply the penetrant.
用热风烘干机充分烘干。在涂抹渗透剂之前，表面必须完全干燥。
(8) If the amount of etch is not sufficient, do Paragraph 6.C.(3) thru Paragraph 6.C.(7) again.
如果蚀刻量不够，请再次执行第 6.C.(3)至 6.C.(7)段。
(9) Let the surface cool to below 100°F (38°C) before you apply the penetrant.
让表面冷却到低于 38°C (100°F) 后再涂抹渗透剂。
D. For Magnesium Alloy
对于镁合金
(1) Solution — Use Solution 2 of BAC5769.
溶液 — 使用 BAC5769 溶液 2。
(2) Carefully clean the surface to remove all grease, oil, dirt and other contamination.
仔细清洁表面，去除所有油脂、油、污垢和其他污染物。
(3) Alkaline clean and rinse per SOPM 20-30-03.
按照 SOPM 20-30-03 进行碱性清洁和冲洗。
(4) Apply the solution with swabs to the surface for not more than 90 seconds.
用棉签将溶液涂在表面上不超过 90 秒。
(5) Rinse with a good flow of water. This step is very important, because etchant that stays on the surface can cause intergranular corrosion.
用流动的水冲洗。这一步非常重要，因为停留在表面上的蚀刻液会导致晶间腐蚀。
(6) Dry fully with a hot air dryer. The surface must be completely dry before you apply the penetrant.
用热风烘干机充分烘干。在涂抹渗透剂之前，表面必须完全干燥。
(7) If the amount of etch is not sufficient, do Paragraph 6.D.(4) thru Paragraph 6.D.(6) again.
如果蚀刻量不够，请再次执行第 6.D.(4)至 6.D.(6)段。
(8) Let the surface cool to below 100°F (38°C) before you apply the penetrant.
在涂抹渗透剂之前，让表面冷却至低于 38°C (100°F)。
E. For 300-series CRES, A-286 CRES, Nickel and Cobalt Alloys
对于 300 系列 CRES、A-286 CRES、镍和钴合金
(1) Solutions
溶液
CAUTION :THESE CHEMICALS ARE VERY CORROSIVE AND POISONOUS. DO NOT BREATHE THE VAPORS OR MISTS. DO NOT GET THE CHEMICALS IN THE EYES, ON THE SKIN OR ON CLOTHING. DO NOT LET THE CHEMICALS TOUCH MATERIALS THAT CAN BURN. WHEN YOU MIX THESE CHEMICALS WITH WATER, ALWAYS ADD THE CHEMICAL TO THE WATER. DO NOT ADD WATER TO THE CONCENTRATED CHEMICAL, BECAUSE THE WATER WILL BOIL AT AN EXPLOSIVE RATE AS YOU ADD IT.
注意:这些化学品具有很强的腐蚀性并有毒。切勿吸入蒸汽或雾气。不要让化学品进入眼睛、皮肤或衣服。不要让化学品接触会燃烧的材料。将这些化学品与水混合时，一定要将化学品加入水中。不要在浓缩化学品中加水，因为加水时水会以爆炸的速度沸腾。
(a) Method 1 — Add 40 ml of 40-42° Baume nitric acid and 4 ml of 70% hydrofluoric acid to 56 ml tap water. Mix fully.
方法 1 — 在 56 毫升自来水中加入 40 毫升 40-42° Baume硝酸和 4 毫升 70% 的氢氟酸。充分混合。
(b) Method 2 — Add 40 ml of 40-42° Baume nitric acid and 3 grams ammonium bifluoride to 57 ml tap water. Mix fully.
方法 2 — 在 57 毫升自来水中加入 40 毫升 40-42° Baume硝酸和 3 克氟化氢铵。充分混合。
(2) Carefully clean the surfaces to remove all grease, oil, dirt and other contamination.
仔细清洁表面，去除所有油脂、油、污垢和其他污染物。
(3) Apply the solution with swabs to the surfaces for 2-5 minutes. Be carefully not to let the solution get into faying surfaces. This etch solution will make a black smut.
用棉签将溶液涂抹在表面上 2-5 分钟。注意不要让溶液进入粘合表面。这种蚀刻溶液会形成黑色污垢。
(4) Rinse with a good flow of water.
用清水冲洗。
(5) Remove the black smut with the 20% nitric acid solution applied with swabs.
用棉签蘸取 20% 的硝酸溶液清除黑色污垢。
(6) Rinse with a good flow of water. This step is very important, because etchant that stays on the surface can cause intergranular corrosion.
用清水冲洗干净。这一步非常重要，因为留在表面的蚀刻液会导致晶间腐蚀。
(7) Dry fully with a hot air dryer. The surface must be completely dry before you apply the penetrant.
用热风烘干机充分烘干。在涂抹渗透剂之前，表面必须完全干燥。
(8) If the amount of etch is sufficient, do Paragraph 6.E.(3) thru Paragraph 6.E.(7) again. If too much smut is made, make and use a solution with less water.
如果蚀刻量足够，请再次执行第 6.E.(3)至 6.E.(7)段。如果产生的污垢太多，则配制和使用含水量较少的溶液。
(9) Let the surface cool to below 100°F (38°C) before you apply the penetrant.
在涂抹渗透剂之前，让表面冷却至低于 38°C (100°F)。
F. For titanium alloys, etch by the Method IIA procedure of BAC5753.
对于钛合金，按照 BAC5753 的方法 IIA 程序进行蚀刻。
7. SURFACE PREPARATION 表面处理
A. The parts to be examined must be clean, dry, and free of grease, oil, grinding compounds, rust, scale, acids or alkalis, fluxes, burrs, feather edges, smeared metal, paint (primer, enamel), layout dye, or any other material which could hide defects and result in irrelevant indications or which will interfere with the examination procedure.
待检查的零件必须清洁、干燥，无油脂、油、研磨剂、锈、水垢、酸或碱、助焊剂、毛刺、毛边、污损的金属、油漆（底漆、珐琅）、布局染料或任何其他可能隐藏缺陷并导致不相关迹象或干扰检查程序的材料。
B. If parts, platings or coatings were removed or chemically etched, the parts must be rinsed and dried before the penetrant examination. Make sure that chemicals do not go into faying surfaces. If you gave holes the protection of masks or plugs before the etch, remove this protection before the penetrant examination.
如果零件、电镀层或涂层已被清除或化学蚀刻，则在进行渗透检查之前必须冲洗并擦干零件。确保化学品不会进入粘合表面。如果在蚀刻前对孔进行了掩盖或塞子保护，则应在渗透检查前去除这些保护。
C. Carefully wash with water and dry the parts that were treated with acids or alkalis. Chemicals and moisture that could be caught in the defects must be removed. Chemicals in the defects could react with the penetrant and prevent good indications of defects. Ultrasonic cleaning can help.
用水仔细清洗并擦干用酸或碱处理过的零件。必须清除可能残留在缺陷中的化学品和水分。缺陷中的化学物质可能会与渗透剂发生反应，从而无法很好地显示缺陷。超声波清洗可以提供帮助。
D. The surface must be fully dry before you apply the penetrant. If you think there is moisture in defects, heat the surfaces to 225°F (107°C) maximum until the moisture is gone or the surface is dry. Let the surface cool to 100°F (38°C) or less before you apply the penetrant.
在涂抹渗透剂之前，表面必须完全干燥。如果认为缺陷中存在水分，请将表面加热到最高 107°C (225°F) 的温度，直到水分消失或表面干燥为止。让表面冷却到 38°C (100°F) 或更低温度后再涂抹渗透剂。
E. Removal of anti-friction bearings and disassembly of parts is recommended before penetrant inspection. If bearings are not removed, or parts are not disassembled, they must be completely masked to prevent contamination by penetrant fluid.
在进行渗透检查之前，建议卸下防摩擦轴承并拆卸零件。如果不卸下轴承，或不拆卸零件，则必须完全遮盖，以防渗透液污染。
8. APPLICATION OF PENETRANT 渗透剂的应用
A. Before you start, make sure the penetrant and part temperature is 40-120°F (4-49°C).
开始之前，确保渗透剂和零件温度为 40-120°F （4-49°C）。
B. Under black light, apply a layer of penetrant on all of the surfaces to be examined. You can apply the penetrant with a spray, swabs, a flow of liquid, or you can put the part in the penetrant.
在黑光灯下，在所有要检查的表面涂上一层渗透剂。可以用喷雾、棉签、流动液体涂抹渗透剂，也可以将零件放入渗透剂中。
C. Do not let penetrant collect in holes, recesses, or pockets. Put the part in a rack or turn or move it as necessary to let the penetrant drain equally from all surfaces.
不要让渗透剂积聚在孔、凹槽或口袋中。将零件放在架子上，或根据需要转动或移动零件，让渗透剂从所有表面均等地流出。
D. Let the penetrant soak in for these minimum times (which include drain times):
让渗透剂浸泡至少达到以下时间（包括排出时间）：
(1) Oil-base, water-washable penetrants — 10 minutes
油基水洗型渗透剂 – 10 分钟
(2) Post-emulsifiable penetrants — 20 minutes
后乳化型渗透剂 – 20 分钟
(3) Solvent-removable penetrants — 20 minutes
溶剂可清除型渗透剂 — 20 分钟
(4) Water-base, water-washable penetrants — 10 minutes
水基、水洗型渗透剂 — 10 分钟
E. These penetration times are applicable for penetrant or part temperatures 60-120°F (15-49°C). For penetrant or part temperatures 40-60°F (4-15°C), multiply these times by 2.
这些渗透时间适用于渗透剂或零件温度为 15-49°C (60-120°F)。对于渗透剂或零件温度为 4-15°C (40-60°F)，则将这些时间乘以 2。
9. REMOVAL OF UNWANTED PENETRANT 清除不需要的渗透剂
A. After the applicable soak and drain time, remove the penetrant from the surfaces by water spray, emulsifier-water spray, or solvent, as applicable. Do this under black light of 100 microwatts per square centimeter minimum at the work surface, and visible light no stronger than 10 foot candles. Remove the penetrant until the background fluorescence is gone. This will let the remaining penetrant be only in the defects. Be careful not to remove too much penetrant, or you will not be able to find the defects.
经过适当的浸泡和沥干时间后，酌情用水喷雾、乳化剂-水喷雾或溶剂清除表面上的渗透剂。在工作面每平方厘米至少 100 微瓦的黑光和不超过 10 英尺烛光的可见光下进行。清除渗透剂，直至背景荧光消失。这将使剩余的渗透剂只出现在缺陷处。注意不要去除过多的渗透剂，否则将无法发现缺陷。
B. Remove the unwanted penetrant before it dries too much, or it will not be easy to remove it from the surfaces. If the penetrant does get too dry, completely clean the parts and apply the penetrant again per Paragraph 7., Paragraph 8. above.
在不需要的渗透剂太干之前将其清除，否则就不容易将其从表面清除。如果渗透剂太干，则应彻底清洁零件，然后按照上文第 7 段和第 8 段再次涂抹渗透剂。
C. Water washable penetrant
水洗型渗透剂
(1) Rinse with a water spray, with 50-100°F (10-38°C) water at 40 psi maximum pressure.
用 50-100°F (10-38°C) 的水和 40 psi 的最大压力喷水冲洗。
D. Post emulsifiable penetrant with lipophilic emulsifier
含亲脂性乳化剂的后乳化渗透剂
CAUTION :EMULSIFICATION TIME STARTS WHEN THE EMULSIFIER OR REMOVER IS APPLIED TO THE PART. THEREFORE, THE PART MUST BE COMPLETELY COVERED AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE.
注意 :乳化时间从乳化剂或清除剂涂抹到零件上时开始。因此，必须尽快将零件完全覆盖。
(1) Put the part in the emulsifier.
将零件放入乳化剂中。
(2) Let the part drain for 5 minutes maximum.
让零件最多沥水 5 分钟。
(3) Rinse with a water spray, with 50-100°F (10-38°C) water at 40 psi maximum pressure.
用 50-100°F (10-38°C) 的水和 40 psi 的最大压力喷水冲洗。
E. Post emulsifiable penetrant with hydrophilic remover. Use one of these procedures:
用亲水清除剂清除乳化渗透剂。使用以下程序之一：
CAUTION :EMULSIFICATION TIME STARTS WHEN THE EMULSIFIER OR REMOVER IS APPLIED TO THE PART. THEREFORE, THE PART MUST BE COMPLETELY COVERED AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE.
注意：乳化时间从乳化剂或清除剂涂抹到零件上时开始。因此，必须尽快完全覆盖零件。
(1) Put the part in the remover.
将零件放入清除剂中。
(a) Rinse with a water spray to remove unwanted penetrant, with 50-100°F (10-38°C) water at 40 psi maximum pressure.
用 50-100°F (10-38°C) 的水和 40 psi 的最大压力喷水冲洗，以去除不需要的渗透剂。
(b) Put the part in the remover for 3 minutes maximum. Shake the part or the remover while the part is in the remover.
将零件放入去除剂中最多 3 分钟。当零件在去除剂中时，摇动零件或去除剂。
(c) Rinse with a water spray to remove the remaining penetrant, with 50-100°F (10-38°C) water at 40 psi maximum pressure.
用 50-100°F (10-38°C) 的水和 40 psi 的最大压力喷水冲洗，以去除剩余的渗透剂。
(2) Spray on the remover
喷上清除剂
(a) Rinse with a water spray to remove unwanted penetrant, with 50-100°F (10-38°C) water at 40 psi maximum pressure.
用 50-100°F (10-38°C) 的水和 40 psi 的最大压力喷水冲洗，以去除不需要的渗透剂。
(b) Use a water spray, with metered hydrophilic remover no stronger than 5% (2.5% is recommended) to remove the remaining penetrant.
使用浓度不超过 5%（建议 2.5%）的计量亲水清除剂喷水，清除剩余的渗透剂。
(c) Rinse with a water spray to remove the remaining penetrant, with 50-100°F (10-38°C) water at 40 psi maximum pressure.
用 50-100°F (10-38°C) 的水和 40 psi 的最大压力喷水冲洗，以去除剩余的渗透剂。
F. If parts are on an automatic line, do not let the line stop with emulsifier on the part surface. If the emulsification time is longer than the limit, clean and dry the parts and start over again. Parts on an automatic line can be rinsed without black light if the procedure is controlled to be sure the rinse is sufficient to remove the penetrant.
如果零件在自动生产线上，不要让生产线在零件表面有乳化剂的情况下停止。如果乳化时间超过限制，应清洗并擦干零件，然后重新开始。如果对程序进行控制，以确保冲洗足以去除渗透剂，则可以在不照黑光的情况下冲洗自动生产线上的零件。
G. If a water rinse could cause corrosion because the water could make puddles or be slow to dry, use this Method C procedure:
如果水冲洗可能会造成腐蚀，因为水可能会形成水坑或干燥缓慢，则使用此方法 C 程序：
(1) Wipe the area with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth. Turn the cloth to use a clean surface for each wipe. Wipe until most of the penetrant is removed.
用干净、干燥、不起毛的布擦拭该区域。每次擦拭时都要转动抹布，以使用干净的表面。擦拭直至大部分渗透剂被清除。
(2) Wipe the area with a clean, lint-free cloth lightly moist with a cleaner approved by the QPL to AMS 2644. Turn the cloth to use a clean surface for each wipe. Wipe until the penetrant is removed.
用一块干净的无绒布，蘸上 QPL 批准的符合 AMS 2644 标准的清洁剂，轻轻擦拭该区域。每次擦拭时都要转动抹布，以使用干净的表面。擦拭直至渗透剂被清除。
(3) When the penetrant is removed, immediately apply a very thin layer of non-aqueous wet developer.
渗透剂清除后，立即涂上一层非常薄的非水性湿显影剂。
10. DRYING 干燥
A. Part surfaces must be fully dry before you apply dry developer or developer which is not water-based. Water based developers must be applied while the surface is wet, and then the surfaces must be fully dried.
在使用干显影液或非水性显影液之前，零件表面必须完全干燥。水基显影剂必须在表面潮湿时涂抹，然后表面必须完全干燥。
B. Dry parts with warm air up to 160°F (71°C). The recommended temperature is 120°F (49°C). If a drier is not available, let the parts dry in air or use a fan. Do not dry parts longer than 30 minutes. Too high a temperature or too long a time will decrease the sensitivity of the penetrant.
用温度高达 71°C （160°F）的暖风吹干零件。建议温度为 49°C (120°F)。如果没有干燥机，可让零件在空气中干燥或使用风扇。干燥零件的时间不要超过 30 分钟。温度过高或时间过长会降低渗透剂的灵敏度。
C. For plastic parts, dry the surfaces with clean, lint-free cheesecloth or equivalent wipers or with a good flow of air up to 100°F (38°C).
对于塑料零件，用干净、不起毛的抹布或类似抹布，或用高达 38°C (100°F) 的良好气流擦干表面。
11. APPLICATION OF DEVELOPER 涂抹显影液
A. Developer must be used for all parts unless the overhaul instructions are different.
除非大修说明有所不同，否则所有零件都必须使用显影剂。
B. Development time for wet developers is measured from the time the developer is completely dry to the time you examine the surface. For dry developers, development time is measured from the time you apply the developer to the time you examine the surface. For all developers, use a minimum of 10 minutes development time. More development time could be necessary for some types of defects or to help you find out how important the indications are.
湿显影剂的显影时间是指从显影剂完全干燥到检查表面的时间。干显影剂的显影时间是从涂抹显影剂到检测表面的时间。所有显影剂的显影时间至少为 10 分钟。对于某些类型的缺陷，或为了帮助您找出迹象的重要性，可能需要更长的显影时间。
C. Dry Developers
干显影剂
(1) Sift, dust, or spray the developer on the parts or put the parts in the developer to make sure you apply the developer to all surfaces.
将显影剂过筛、撒粉或喷洒在零件上，或将零件放入显影剂中，以确保将显影剂涂抹到所有表面。
(2) Do not shake or spray too much, or the developer could rub off some of the penetrant that shows indication of defects.
不要摇晃或喷洒太多，否则显影剂可能会擦掉一些显示缺陷迹象的渗透剂。
D. Wet Developers — Aqueous (water) Suspendible and Aqueous (water) Soluble
湿式显影剂 – 水（水）悬浮液和水（水）可溶液
(1) Immediately after you remove the unwanted penetrant, spray the developer on the surfaces or put the parts in the developer. Do not apply this developer with a brush. Make sure you apply the developer as a continuous, fully-mixed suspension or solution that wets all of the surfaces to be examined.
去除不需要的渗透剂后，立即在表面喷上显影剂或将零件放入显影剂中。不要用刷子涂抹显影液。确保显影液是连续的、充分混合的悬浮液或溶液，能润湿所有待检表面。
(2) Do not let the developer collect in puddles. Use low air pressure or suction, or move the parts, to remove unwanted developer.
不要让显影液积聚成水坑。使用低气压或吸力，或移动零件，清除不需要的显影液。
(3) Immediately after you apply the developer to all of the surfaces, dry the surface with warm air per Paragraph 10.
将显影液涂抹到所有表面后，应立即按照第 10 段用暖风吹干表面。
E. Wet developers — Nonaqueous (not water-based)
湿式显影液 – 非水性（非水基）
(1) Shake the developer container to fully mix it before you apply it.
在使用显影液之前，摇动容器使其充分混合。
(2) For best results and best sensitivity, a thin smooth layer of the developer is necessary. To get a thin layer, spray the developer with a very fine nozzle and constant movement of the spray. Two or three thin coats are better than one thick coat.
为了达到最佳效果和灵敏度，必须涂上一层薄薄的光滑的显影液。为了得到薄薄的一层，喷显影液时要使用非常细的喷嘴，并不断移动喷嘴。薄薄地喷上两三层比厚厚地喷上一层要好。
12. INSPECTION OF THE PARTS 检查零件
A. Examine the parts in a booth with the black light per Paragraph 4.
按照第 4 段的要求，用黑光灯在小房间里检查零件。
B. Before you examine under black light and each time your eyes are open to visible light, let your eyes adjust to the darkness for at least 3 minutes. Special scales are available from penetrant manufacturers to help you know if your eyes are sufficiently adapted to the darkness.
在黑光灯下检查之前，以及每次睁开眼睛看可见光时，让眼睛适应黑暗至少 3 分钟。渗透剂制造商可提供特殊的刻度，帮助您了解眼睛是否已充分适应黑暗。
C. Do not use corrective lenses or spectacles which are photochrome, photogray, or equivalently sensitive to light. Under black light, when there is no white light, this type of eyewear can decrease visual sensitivity.
不要使用光色、光雾或同等感光的矫正镜片或眼镜。在没有白光的黑光环境下，这类眼镜会降低视觉灵敏度。
D. Do not look directly at the source of the black light, or your eyeballs will fluoresce and temporarily decrease visual sensitivity. Correctly filtered black light is not dangerous to the eyes, but if the filter is defective, it could let dangerous short-wave ultraviolet light through from the bulb. Replace detective or cracked filters immediately.
不要直视黑光源，否则眼球会发出荧光并暂时降低视觉灵敏度。经过正确过滤的黑光不会对眼睛造成危害，但如果滤光片有缺陷，则可能会让灯泡中危险的短波紫外线透过。请立即更换探伤或破裂的滤光片。
E. Examine the surfaces as carefully as your eyes will permit. This is the practical limit of penetrant inspection. If this is not sufficiently satisfactory, the overhaul instructions will give other inspection procedures to make sure the part is serviceable.
在眼睛允许的范围内仔细检查表面。这是渗透检查的实际极限。如果这还不能令人满意，大修说明将给出其他检查程序，以确保零件可以使用。
F. When you examine castings which were in service, reject parts only if they have signs of cracks or corrosion caused by the period of service, unless the overhaul or service bulletin instructions are different. Do not reject the parts if there are only indications of porosity.
在检查服役中的铸件时，除非大修或维修公告的说明有所不同，否则只有在零件有因服役期造成的裂纹或腐蚀迹象时才拒绝接受检查。如果只有气孔迹象，则不要拒收零件。
G. Reject parts that have surface defects which are more than permitted limits. If the limits are not specified, reject parts that have shrinkage cracks or porosity, cold shuts, fatigue cracks, forming cracks, grinding and heat-treat cracks, seams, laps, and bursts. Refer to BAC5423 for more details.
拒收表面缺陷超过允许限度的零件。如果没有规定的限度，则报废有收缩裂纹或气孔、冷缩、疲劳裂纹、成型裂纹、磨削和热处理裂纹、接缝、搭接和爆裂的零件。详情请参阅 BAC5423。
H. If permitted by the overhaul instructions, repair the defects and penetrant examine the part again to see if it became serviceable.
如果大修说明允许，修理缺陷并再次渗透检查零件是否可以使用。
13. CLEANING OF PARTS AFTER PENETRANT INSPECTION 渗透检查后零件的清洁
A. Clean the accepted parts in 4 hours or less after you applied the developer.
在涂抹显影剂后的 4 小时或更短时间内清洗验收合格的零件。
B. Penetrant material remaining on the part could cause corrosion or can be a problem for subsequent machining and inspection. Remove the remaining developer as follows:
残留在零件上的渗透剂材料可能会导致腐蚀，或对后续加工和检查造成麻烦。按以下方法清除残留的显影剂：
(1) Dry powder developer — Blow with an air hose. If necessary, alkaline or solvent clean.
干粉显影剂 — 用空气软管吹。必要时用碱性或溶剂清洗。
(2) Wet developer — Use a brush or wipe with a dry cloth. Rinse or spray with water. If necessary, alkaline or solvent clean.
湿显影剂 — 使用刷子或干布擦拭。用水冲洗或喷洒。如有必要，用碱性或溶剂清洗。
C. After you clean the parts, examine them under black light to make sure all of the penetrant and developer is gone.
清洁零件后，在黑光灯下检查，确保渗透剂和显影剂全部清除。